This robust regenerative capacity, together with the fact that the OE is a simple neuroepithelium containing only one type of neuron, namely the ORN, offers an ideal system for the study of neural stem cells in the adult. The adult olfactory epithelium (OE) is capable of rapid neuronal regeneration and functional recovery after extensive damage to the tissue, and even under normal physiological conditions, steady-state neurogenesis takes place to continuously replace apoptotic olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). The mammalian olfactory neuroepithelium has long been known for its unique characteristic of actively generating neurons throughout adulthood, at a rate that by far exceeds neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and dentate gyrus. ![]() Our findings demonstrate a crucial role for HBCs as multipotent progenitors in the adult OE, acting during normal neuronal turnover as well as in acute regeneration upon injury. Moreover, upon selective depletion of mature ORNs by olfactory bulbectomy, HBCs give rise to more neurons. This occurs in a temporally controlled manner: an initial wave of HBC-derived neurogenesis was observed soon after birth, and a second wave of neurogenesis was observed at 4 months of age. We show that even during normal neuronal turnover, HBCs actively generate neuronal and non-neuronal cells throughout adulthood. Here we report a broader spectrum of action for these cells. Recently, mouse horizontal basal cells (HBCs) were identified as stem cells that regenerate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and non-neuronal cell types only after extensive injury of the olfactory epithelium (OE). Most of the corn produced in the United States is cultivated in the Midwest between the months of April and June and is harvested in October or November.The mammalian olfactory neuroepithelium provides a unique system for understanding the regulation of neurogenesis by adult neural stem cells. Genetically modified varieties are found in the United States, Argentina, and Canada. Flint corn is primarily found in Central and South America while pod corn is mainly ornamental. Flour corn is one of the oldest varieties of corn that has soft starch content but dent corn accounts for the majority of US production. Sweet corn is a naturally sweet variety that is harvested in the early stages while popcorn is characterized by a hard-outer shell and minimal soft starch content. ![]() There are six different varieties of corn, sweet corn, popcorn, flour corn, dent corn, flint corn, and pod corn. Maize is a flexible crop that can be grown in diverse climates and regions. Europeans were introduced to the crop in 1492 after Christopher Columbus brought corn back with him after visiting Cuba. The most important trading venues for maize are the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), the Bolsa de Mercadorias & Futuros, the Marche a Terme International de France, the Budapest Commodity Exchange, the Kanmon Commodity Exchange, and the Tokyo Grain Exchange.Ĭorn, also known as maize, was first domesticated in Southern Mexico 10,000 years ago. The price of corn is affected by the ethanol market, crude oil prices, Chinese demand, the US Dollar, and climate. Corn has many applications including livestock feed, ethanol, high-fructose corn syrup, corn starch, alcoholic beverages, deodorant, cough drops and more.
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